The beaked, exclusively herbivorous Ornithischia is further divided into three big groups. The armored Ankylosaurus and plate-laden Stegosaurus are collectively called Thyreophora (shield bearers); Triceratops and other horned ceratopsians alongside their close relative, the thick-headed Pachycephalosaurus, fall under Marginocephalia (fringed heads); and the final one called Ornithopoda (bird feet) is comprised of large herbivores which lived in big herds, like Iguanodon, Maiasaura, and Parasaurolophus.
Meanwhile, the lizard-hipped Saurischia can be split up into Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda. The mouthful Sauropodomorpha is known for long-necked, thundering giants such as Diplodocus and Brachiosaurus; while the bipedal, mostly carnivorous Theropoda contains the Hollywood stars Tyrannosaurus, Spinosaurus, Velociraptor, and ironically, birds. At this point it is clear that human-assigned names are not a very good indicator of an animal’s place in the evolutionary tree.
Tapejara
by Fabrizio De Rossi
But what about the flying dinosaurs and marine dinosaurs? Where do they belong in the tree of life? It turns out, while birds are the true flying dinosaurs, all the other popular –saurs that come to people’s minds are not even a member of Dinosauria at all.
Pterodactylus, the first flying reptile fossil to be discovered, belongs to a larger group called Pterosauria (winged lizard). These close cousins of dinosaurs were the first vertebrates that took to the sky long before the birds. Pteranodon, arguably the most recognizable member of this bunch, was a marine flier with a 7m (23ft) wingspan that soared across waters like seabirds, but some smaller pterosaurs like Sordes were parrot-sized and likely fed on insects. Pterodaustro, with its bristle-like modified teeth that superficially resembled a whale’s baleen hair, was probably a filter feeder which waded in shallow waters. Just before they went extinct alongside most dinosaurs, some pterosaurs known as azhdarchids grew to gigantic proportions, giving us the giraffe-sized Quetzalcoatlus which preferred to hunt on four limbs despite its enormous 11m (36 ft) wingspan. “Pterodactyl, the flying dinosaur” is a misleading, over-generalized remark which undermines their diversity throughout the ages.
Gorgetosuchus
by Edyta Felcyn
The next closest relative to dinosaurs and pterosaurs are crocodiles and their early relatives, sorted under the name Pseudosuchia (false crocodiles). One notable subgroup of early crocodile-relatives, Aetosauria (eagle lizard), were heavy armored terrestrial animals which mostly ate ferns. Desmatosuchus, discovered in late 19th century, is a relatively well known member of this obscure group, while Gorgetosuchus is one of the latest additions to the clan. Dinosauria, Pterosauria, and Pseudosuchia together make up the larger group called Archosauria. Birds and crocodiles are the only archosaurs still living in the present day.
Plesiosauria, a group of long necked marine reptiles popularized by the cryptid Loch Ness Monster, were among the earliest fossils discovered by palaeontologists. These successful marine predators descended from the Triassic era nothosaurs, which had feet instead of flippers, and lived on the shores similar to modern day seals. One particular specimen of plesiosaur dubbed Albertonectes reached an impressive total length of over 11m (36 ft), with its neck alone claiming 7m (23 ft) of said measurement. Latest studies suggested that plesiosaurs’ closest living relatives are turtles, and clump them together as Pantestudines—a sister group of Archosauria. The name Plesiosauria itself comes from the Greek word plesios (near to), which refers to its body shape which more closely resembles extant lizards than the other kind of marine reptiles unearthed in early 19th century, the ichthyosaurs.
Franz Anthony
Although ichthyosaur remains had been discovered one century prior, a complete skeleton was never found until 1812 when the teenage Mary Anning—who later became a celebrated paleontologist for her discovery of plesiosaur and ichthyosaur fossils—found a torso to match the skeleton her brother discovered the previous year. Within the next following decades, Ichthyosauria (fish lizards) became a fashionable subject for British paleontologists and thousands of specimens were collected, classified into dozens of new genera. This lineage of fish-like reptiles seemed to flourish, dominating the Triassic oceans, producing various shapes and sizes. Shastasaurus, for example, went to become the largest marine reptile discovered to date at 21m (69 ft), while the Jurassic Ophthalmosaurus developed a pair of eyes nearly as large as its entire skull. Despite the diversity, however, very little is known about the origin and evolutionary history of the group, and their exact place in the evolutionary tree is uncertain.
The last -saur which recently rose to international fame is the mosasaur. Mosasauroidea (Meuse River lizard), defying the half article-long tradition of scientific verbal misconception, is an actual superfamily of aquatic lizards which fall under the extensive order of Squamata—which encompasses all modern lizards including geckos, iguanas, chameleons, and snakes. While mosasaurs never diversified as much as the rest, the largest of their kind such as Tylosaurus and Mosasaurus grew bigger than 10m (33 ft) and became the apex predators of their time. Although recent researches suggested that mosasaurs might be related to monitor lizards, their relationship with other squamates is still considered unresolved. At the very least, enthusiasts all over the internet can now breathe a sigh of relief, knowing one final group of –saur is an aptly named bunch of lizards.
Franz
Anthony
Editor and Artist
