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They arose millions of years before the first dinosaurs and dominated the seas in a vast array of finned fish-like and dolphin-like forms. Some were hardly the size of a small porpoise while some were as vast and gentle as today’s biggest whales and still others terrorized their kin with vicious jaws and teeth. They were the spectacular ichthyosaurs, among the most specialized of all marine reptiles.

For years, paleontologists speculated why the famous 18 meter (59 foot) long shark disappeared from the oceans around 2.6 million years ago. New evidence suggests competition and lack of food may have been the causes.

Just like every other organism on earth, Pachycephalosaurus started out tiny. And just like most other dinosaurs known to the general public, it is associated with the adult specimens of the animal. It doesn’t help that remains of Pachycephalosaurus and its relatives are often fragmentary, complicating efforts to identify and classify the dinosaurs.